Conrad Gessner
Historiae animalium liber III qui est de Avium natura - 1555
De Gallina
transcribed by Fernando Civardi - translated by Elio Corti
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Cutis
foeditatem mire aufert, (inquit Sylvius) ac cicatrices, praecipue in
ambustis relictas. fere autem graviter olet: minus tamen postremum
sublimando destillatum. Pilos auget Serapioni in Antidot.[1]
aurium, dentium, sedis doloribus, et aliis plerisque sedis affectibus
(utile) Rasi in Antidotario. Oleum ovorum Nicolai. Vitellos ovorum
elixorum frige igni lento prunarum in patella ferrea, semper movendo
rude ferrea, donec probe assentur, calidissimos linteo forti, oleo amygd.
dulc. madefacto exprime. Satius est vitellos crudos frigere, cochleari
assidue moveri, donec assati et cochleari pressi, vase inclinato reddant
oleum: quod phiala conditum etiam diu integrum servatur. Ex
viginti vitellis extrahes horis duabus unc. quatuor aut circiter, Haec
Sylvius. In codice quidem Nicolai Myrepsi quem Leonardus Fuchsius nobis
Latinum e Graeco reddidit, nullam olei de ovis descriptionem reperio.
Oleum ovorum salubre et experimentis cognitum est adversus impetiginem
aliosque morbos. admixto pauco sanguine gallinae curat scabiem
cholericam. iniectum tepidum sedat statim vehementiam doloris in
abscessibus aurium, et accelerat concoctionem eorum, aperitque ipsos: et
facit nasci capillos. confert etiam adversus fistulas et ulcera
melancholica. mitigat dolorem ambustorum et ardorem. cicatricem subtilem
reddit, et dentium dolores anique eliminat, si illinatur cum pinguedine
anseris. per diem curat aegrum vehementer affectum dolore hepatis
propter flatus contracto. colorem corruptum restituit, praesertim in
albedine oculorum, Arnoldus de Villano. |
The
oil gotten from eggs - removes in a marvelous way the ugliness of the
skin (says Jacques Dubois)
and the scars, above all those remaining in the burns. It has almost a
heavy smell: nevertheless it is lesser when the distillate is made to
evaporate for the last time. According to Serapion, in Antidotarium,
it makes the hair to grow. According to Razi, in Antidotarium,
it is useful in pains of teeth, ears, and in most other affections of
the latter district. Oil of eggs of Nicolaus Myrepsus: Fry at low fire
of live coals in an iron cup the yolks of hard-boiled eggs by going on
in mixing with an iron palette knife until they are well roasted, when
they are still very hot squeeze them by a strong linen cloth soaked with
oil of sweet almonds. It is more than enough to fry the raw yolks, to
often stir them with a spoon, until once roasted and squeezed with the
spoon they release the oil by holding tilted the container: put in a
vial of glass it keeps intact even for a long time. From twenty yolks in
the turn of two hours you will get more or less four ounces of it
[109.12 g], Jacques Dubois is writing all that. But in the codex of
Nicolaus Myrepsus, which Leonhart Fuchs translated for me from Greek in
Latin, I don't find any description of the oil obtainable from eggs. The
oil of eggs, also through experimentations, is known for being effective
against the impetigo and other affections. By mixing with it a little
bit of hen's blood it makes to regress the itch due to cholestatic
jaundice. Instilled lukewarm it promptly relieves the piercing pain in
case of purulent medium otitis and hastens its maturation, and does it
to drain: and it makes the hair to grow again. It is also effective
against the fistulae and the ulcers caused by black bile. It mitigates
the pain and the smarting of burns. It makes thin a scar and makes to
disappear the pains of teeth and anus if smeared with fat of goose. In
the turn of a day it makes to feel better a sick person suffering a lot
because of pains at liver arisen because of intestinal meteorism. It
makes to reappear a color that had changed, especially in case of
leucoma, Arnaldus from Villanova. |
Hoc
oleum ipse hoc modo fieri observavi: Vitelli ovis ad duritiem elixis
exempti, in sartagine assentur, vertendo subinde volvendoque paulatim
cochleari, donec incipiant ita liquescere, ut iam chylum[2]
aequabilem et pulti similem convertantur. manet autem materia adhuc
flavi coloris. eam mox infundes in linteum, quod utrinque torquens ac
circumvolvens oleum subflavum exprimes. Alii cum vitelli sic in patella
assi ad chylum illum pervenerunt, amplius adhuc coquunt, donec materia
tota siccari ac denigrari incipiat: quae paulo post iterum liquescet, et
multum humorem nigrum et ex adustione graveolentem remittet. Tum
cochleari materiam in sartagine crassiusculam comprimunt, ut oleum et
humor omnis vase in alterum latus inclinato defluat et colligatur. Et
hoc tanquam maiore desiccandi vi praeditum superiori praeferunt. |
I
myself have seen to prepare this oil in the following way: The yolks
extracted from hard-boiled eggs have to be roasted in a frying pan often
turning them and gently flipping them over with a spoon until that so
doing they start to liquefy, up to change into a homogeneous mash and
similar to a polenta. And the material goes on remaining of yellow
color. Then you will pour it in a linen cloth and by twisting and
turning it at both the extremities you will do the yellowish oil to go
out. Others, when the roasted yolks in frying pan in the above-mentioned
way reached that state of mash, they further cook them until the whole
material starts to become dry and blackish: soon after it will become
again liquid and will allow to drain quite a lot of black liquid and of
heavy smell because of the scorch. Then with a spoon they compress in
the frying pan the rather dense material so that the oil and the whole
liquid flow out and this collects itself in the container inclined
toward the opposite side. And they prefer this to the previous one since
it would be endowed with a greater dehydrating power. |
¶
Praesentaneum colicis remedium sic: Ova putidissima in Sole ponito ut
persiccentur, cum aruerint conteres, et minutissime percribrabis, et ad
praesidium in doliolo vitreo condes. cumque in aliquo auspicabitur coli
dolor, in hemina aquae calidae dabis bibenda cochlearia tria, Marcellus.
¶ Si ovi albumen cum vitello ponatur in matula alicuius, quem veneno
infectum esse suspicio fuerit, intra aliquot horas locus veneni in {hepate}
<hepati> demonstrabitur. nam si id in venis fuerit ultra
gibba<m> hepatis, aut in viis urinalibus, ovum nigrescet ac
foetebit. Sin citra concava hepatis, ut in orobo[3]
(colo, vel alterius intestini nomen legendum apparet,) ovum rugas et
colorem citrinum contrahet, absque foetore. Hoc annotatum reperi in
margine codicis cuiusdam Serapionis iuxta caput de urina, Obscurus. Ad
exustionem: Ovorum assorum vitellos in sartagine combure, et in modum
emplastri impone, Galenus Euporist. 3. 198. |
¶
A remedy with immediate effect for those people suffering from colic is
prepared in this way: Put in the sun very rotten eggs so that they dry
completely, when they dried you will break them and pass through a sieve
with very fine mesh and you will put them in a pot of glass in order to
spare them. And when in a person the premonitory signs of a pain of the
colon will appear, you will give to drink three spoons of them in a
hemina [250 ml] of warm water, Marcellus Empiricus. ¶ If the egg white
with the yolk is put in a chamber-pot
of someone for whom is existing the suspect that he has been poisoned,
in the turn of some hours can be shown the location of the poison in the
liver. In fact if the poison will be gone in the veins beyond the liver's
convexity or in the urinary tracts, the egg will become black and will
stink. If on the contrary it will stop within the concavity of the liver,
as in the broad bean (it
is clear that we have to read colon or the name of another tract of the
bowel) the egg will wrinkle and will take a lemon color without stench.
I have found this annotated in the border of the chapter about urine in
a codex of Serapion, an unknown author. Against a burn: Burn in frying
pan the yolks of roasted eggs and apply them like poultice, Galen -
Oribasius - Euporista III,198. |
¶ Pars III.
Remedia ex ovis sorbilibus. Ova sorbilia, in quibus liquidum (id est
albumen) coactum adhuc densatumque non est, ad leniendas (laevigandas)
gutturis (pharyngis) asperitates idonea sunt, Galenus in libro de
alimentis boni et m. s. et alibi. In inflammationum arteriae principiis
lenissima sunt (remedia), Idem in libro 7. de compos. sec. loc. Symeon
Sethi scribit ova anserum proprietate quadam εὐφυΐαν,
hoc est bonum ingenium facere, iis qui cum melle et butyro ea adsidue
esitarint, sed verisimilius est, ova cum anserina tum non minus
gallinacea sorbilia, sive per se, sive magis etiam cum melle ac butyro
sumpta, non εὐφυΐαν,
sed εὐφωνίαν,
id est vocis bonitatem, repurgata laevigataque arteria, praestare. Ova
sorbilia vocem clarificant, Elluchasem. Ovum sorbile miscetur iis quae
contentos in thorace et pulmone humores incidunt, et usurpantur in illis
quorum guttur exasperatum est clamore, vel acrimonia humoris. tenacitate
enim sua partibus affectis inhaeret et immoratur cataplasmatis instar:
et pariter substantiae suae lenitate omnis morsus experti easdem mitigat
curatque. qua ratione asperitates etiam circa stomachum, ventrem,
intestina et vesicam obortas curat, Galenus[4].
Prodest nimium
calidis oesophago, stomacho, vesicae, Elluchasem. |
¶
Section 3 - Remedies gotten from
eggs á. la coque. The eggs à la coque, in which the
liquid (that is the egg white) is not yet curdled and hardened, are
proper for to soften (to smooth) the irritations of the throat (of the
pharynx), Galen in the book De probis pravisque alimentorum sucis
and in other treatises. They are (remedies) with very lenitive action in
the initial stage of trachea's inflammations, still Galen in the book
VII of De compositione medicamentorum secundum locos. Simeon
Sethi writes that the eggs of goose because of some property give euphyían,
that is a vivacious mind, in those people who will be assiduous in
eating them with honey and butter, but it is more likely than the eggs à
la coque both of goose and hen, drunk either alone, but still better
if associated with honey and butter, are giving not an euphyían,
but an euphønían, that is, a beautiful voice, once that the
trachea has been polished up and made smooth. The eggs to be sipped make
the voice clear, Elluchasem Elimithar. The egg to be sipped is mixed to
those substances making the liquids contained in the chest and in the
lung to disappear, and it is used in those people whose throat is
irritated by the noisiness or by the sourness of the inflammatory liquid.
In fact with its adhesiveness sticks to the involved zones and stays
attached as if it were a cataplasm: which similarly with the softness of
the material by which is composed, deprived of any irritating effect,
softens them and makes them to recover. That's why it makes to recover
also the burnings risen in stomach, belly, bowels and bladder, Galen. It
benefits to an oesophagus, a stomach and a bladder excessively warm,
Elluchasem Elimithar. |
Acrochliaron[5],
id est leviter calefactum sorptumque prodest vesicae rosionibus, renum
exulcerationibus, gutturis {scabriciae} <scabritiae>,
reiectionibus sanguinis, destillationibus, et thoracis rheumatismis,
Dioscorides tanquam de albumine privatim: sed videntur de toto ovo
sorbili recte eadem praedicari posse[6].
Utile est tussi, pleuritidi, phthisi, raucedini vocis a causa calida[7],
dyspnoeae: et sputo sanguinis, idque in primis cum vitellus tepidus
sorbetur, Avicenna. Sanguinem spuentibus salutare est ovum sorbile,
Elluchasem. Ova semicocta commendantur ad tormina (dysenteriam) sine
febre, Galenus de victus in morbis acutis comment. quarto. Semicocta stomachum roborant, et vires restaurant, ut alibi inter Notha
Galeno adscripta legimus. Reperiuntur qui ex sorbili ovo ter quaterque
excernant, Brasavolus. Ovorum trium aut quatuor candidum in aquae congio
concussum bibat febriens. hoc valde frigefacit, et aegrum ad alvum
exonerandam conturbat, Hippocrates libro 3. de morbis. |
An
egg acrochlíaron, that is, lukewarm and sipped, is good in case
of bladder's burnings and of violent renal pains, of throat's irritation,
of haemoptysis
- to spit blood, of catarrh as well as of sputum of pulmonary origin,
Dioscorides, as if specifically being the egg white: nevertheless
advisedly it seems that the same effectiveness can be extolled about the
whole egg to be drunk. It is useful in case of cough, pleurisy,
tuberculosis, hoarse voice due to a warm agent, difficult breath: and in
case of haemoptysis - to spit blood, and above all when the yolk is drunk lukewarm,
Avicenna. The egg to be sipped is healthy for those people spitting
blood Elluchasem. The coddled eggs are recommended against the
intestinal pains (dysentery) without fever, Galen In Hippocratis de
acutorum victu commentarii IV. Coddled, they strengthen the stomach
and restore the energies, as I have read in a point among the spurious
writings attributed to Galen. There are some people that because of an
egg à la coque have three or four evacuations, Antonio Brasavola.
Who has fever has to drink the egg white of three or four eggs beaten in
a congius [3.27 l] of water. This refreshes quite a lot and
stimulates the sick person to empty the bowel, Hippocrates in III book
of De morbis. |
¶ De ovis
quae cum remediis efficacioribus miscentur, inferius etiam dicetur in
genere, et particulatim: in praesentia vero de sorbilibus tantum quae
aliis ammiscentur. In ovum sorbile mastiches [443] pulverem mittes, sed
opus est ut mox coagitatum statim sorbeas, ne dilatione fiat crusta: quo
exhausto facile {tussem} <tussim> sedabis, si id saepius feceris,
Marcellus. |
¶
More ahead it will be spoken both in general and in detail also about
the eggs mixed with more effective remedies: but in this section only
about those to be sipped mixed with other ingredients. You will put dust
of resin of mastic in an egg à la coque, but it is necessary to
drink it immediately as soon as it has been shaken, so that because of a
delay a crust is not formed: after having drunk it you will easily calm
the cough, if you will do this rather frequently, Marcellus Empiricus. |
[1] 9 Novembre 2005 - Di Antidotarium nel web ne esistono a bizzeffe, ma nessuno attribuibile a Serapione, né Vecchio, né Giovane. Nell’opera curata da Gessner Nomenclator insignium scriptorum (1555) nel capitolo dedicato alla medicina a pagina 156 si riporta: Ioan. filii Serapionis Antidotarium. Practica & lib. de simplici medicina. § Attualmente il De simplici medicina viene attribuito a Serapione il Giovane e la Practica sive Breviarium medicinae a Serapione il Vecchio. Per cui non saprei proprio a chi attribuire l’Antidotarium citato da Gessner, vista la confusione che regnò in passato circa l’esatta identificazione degli autori di due distinti trattati: Practica sive Breviarium medicinae - De simplici medicina.
[2] I due sostantivi greci chylós e chymós sono sinonimi e significano succo, derivati ambedue dal verbo chéø, versare, spandere.
[3] La lezione corretta dovrebbe essere orbo, cioè l’intestino cieco. Questo giustifica l’annotazione fra parentesi.
[4] Citazione che ricorre in parte anche a pagina 441.
[5] L’aggettivo greco akrochlíaros significa caldo alla superficie, in Dioscoride significa tiepido.
[6] L’aggettivo greco akrochlíaros significa caldo alla superficie, in Dioscoride significa tiepido, come dimostra la traduzione di Jean Ruel del De materia medica (1549) II,55 Candidum ovi: summe tepidum prodest vesicae rosionibus [...]. § Stando alla suddivisione in capitoli dell’edizione di Jean Ruel si tratta in effetti dell’azione dell’albume. Invece Pierandrea Mattioli, pur adottando la traduzione di Ruel, congloba nel capitolo II,44 Ovum i capitoli di Ruel 54 Ovi natura e 55 Candidum ovi. Pertanto dal dipanarsi del testo di Dioscoride riferito da Mattioli potrebbe essere aleatorio riuscire a individuare quanto appartiene all’effetto dell’uovo nella sua totalità oppure al solo albume, ma solo se la lettura è assai frettolosa.
[7] Non riesco a immaginare una raucedine dovuta a qualcosa di caldo, salvo si tratti di una raucedine dovuta a una faringo-laringite provocata da una sorsata di liquido troppo caldo trangugiato inavvertitamente. § Altra ipotesi: una faringo-laringite scatenata da un cibo "caldo", ma non in senso termico: caldo in quanto metabolicamente scalda più degli altri, come le proteine, una quota delle quali viene trasformata in calore, e pertanto sconsigliate nella stagione estiva. Ma l'ipotesi della sorsata di liquido bollente mi sembra più verosimile, anche se alquanto rara come causa di raucedine.