Lessico
Embrione di pollo
Stadi di sviluppo secondo Hamburger & Hamilton
Disco germinativo e blastoderma secondo Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)
a sinistra - cicatricula di uova subventanee, cioè non fecondate
a destra - cicatricula di uova deposte il giorno precedente l'osservazione e non ancora covate
Queste immagini non rispettano le dimensioni reali né le proporzioni delle due cicatricule.
Mettono tuttavia in evidenza che Malpighi, grazie al microscopio,
fu in grado
di descrivere nei particolari
ciò che invece Aldrovandi doveva osservare solo
a occhio nudo,
ma intuendo che si trattava del seme,
mentre Aristotele,
anch'egli senza microscopio,
si era espresso in senso diametralmente opposto.
2° giorno
3° giorno
4° giorno
6° giorno
7° giorno
8° giorno
10° giorno
12° giorno
13° giorno
15° giorno
16° giorno
17° giorno
18° giorno
Stadi
di sviluppo dell'embrione di pollo
secondo
Hamburger
& Hamilton
A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo
Journal of Morphology, 1951
Lo sviluppo dell'embrione di pollo è stato suddiviso in stadi basati su eventi morfologici. Il ritmo di crescita per gli embrioni di pollo è relativamente costante, tant'è che uova fecondate nello stesso momento raggiungeranno durante lo sviluppo punti di riferimento all'incirca nello stesso momento. I primi 20 stadi, sebbene non siano separati da identici intervalli di tempo, durano solamente alcune ore e così permettono una determinazione accurata dell'età dell'embrione. Gli stadi successivi si susseguono con un intervallo di mezza giornata e sono pertanto meno accurati.
|
durata |
1 |
-- |
2 |
6-7 ore |
3 |
8-9 ore |
4 |
18-19 ore |
5 |
19-22 ore |
6 |
23-25 ore |
7 |
23-26
ore |
8 |
26-29
ore |
9 |
29-33
ore |
10 |
33-38
ore |
11 |
40-45
ore |
12 |
45-49
ore |
13 |
48-52
ore |
14 |
50-53
ore |
15 |
50-55
ore |
16 |
51-56
ore |
17 |
52-64
ore |
18 |
65-69
ore |
19 |
68-72
ore |
20 |
70-72
ore |
21 |
3,5
giorni |
22 |
3,5
giorni |
23 |
3,5-4
giorni |
24 |
4
giorni |
25 |
4,5
giorni |
26 |
4,5-5
giorni |
27 |
5
giorni |
28 |
5,5
giorni |
29 |
6
giorni |
30 |
6,5
giorni |
31 |
7
giorni |
32 |
7,5
giorni |
33 |
7,5-8
giorni |
34 |
8
giorni |
35 |
9
giorni |
36 |
10
giorni |
37 |
11
giorni |
38 |
12
giorni |
39 |
13
giorni |
40 |
14
giorni |
41 |
15
giorni |
42 |
16
giorni |
43 |
17-18
giorni |
44 |
19-20
giorni |
45 |
20-21
giorni |
46 |
pulcino neonato |
A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo
Journal of Morphology, 1951
Hamburger & Hamilton staged the chicken embryo in 1951. In developmental biology, the Hamburger-Hamilton stages (HH) are a series of 46 chronological stages in chick development, starting from laying of the egg and ending with a newly hatched chick. It is named for its creators, Viktor Hamburger and Howard L. Hamilton.
Chicken embryos are a useful model organism in experimental embryology for a number of reasons. Their domestication as poultry makes them more readily available than other vertebrates (such as mice), and being oviparous, the embryos are easily accessible. However, the rate of development can be affected by a range of factors, including the specific breed, the temperature of incubation, the delay between laying and incubation, and the time of year, raising the need to create a standardised system based on morphology rather than chronological age.
There had been a previous attempt to create a morphological system for staging chick development by the German embryologists Keibel and Abraham in 1900, but this system lacked detail was not widely used, with most researchers relying on somite number or age to identify the stage of development. Hamburger and Hamilton aimed to provide a detailed description of developmental events, modelled on an earlier system for Axolotl by Harrison.
The Hamburger-Hamilton system provides an advantages over the Carnegie system in that it allows the developing chick to be accurately staged both at embryonic and fetal stages, and is used universally in chick embryology.
Stages of Development - Chick embryos can be "staged" according to the different morphological landmarks. Although most organ systems have a stereotypical appearance at each stage, there are a few which particularly lend themselves to use in staging chick development.
* In the very early embryo, the primitive streak is the only visible landmark, and its shape and size is used to stage HH1-6 embryos.
* The nervous system is formed by a process of neurulation. Stages 5–8 may be defined by the formation of a head fold, the neural folds, and their fusion to form the neural tube. The expansion of anterior neural tube to form the brain may also be used to identify later stages.
* Somitogenesis - the progressive segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm - provides a convenient method for staging embryos between stage 6 and 14. Somites form with surprising regularity every 90 minutes. Stage 10 embryos have 10 somites, and as a rule of thumb, the embryo gains 3 somites during each stage (i.e. Stage 11 embryos have 13 somites, Stage 12 embryos have 16, etc.). The authors note, however, that beyond 22 somites (HH14) it is better to rely on other markers.
* Formation of the Branchial arches, which will give rise to the structures of the jaw, pharynx and larynx; begins at HH14 and is used as a marker throughout development.
* The morphology of the limbs, starting with the appearance of wing bud at stage 16, is a useful landmark for staging chick embryos and fetuses until hatching. Between stages 15 and 35, the appearance of specific structures within the limbs (such as joints and digits); at later stages the length of the toes are used.
* The formation and development of the eyelids, primordial feathers and beak are used in a similar way to stage later development.
HH
stages |
Age |
Identification
of stages after laying |
1 |
|
preprimitive
streak (embryonic shield) |
2 |
6-7
hr |
initial
primitive streak, 0.3-0.5 mm long |
3 |
12-13
hr |
intermediate
primitive streak |
4 |
18-19
hr |
definitive
primitive streak, ±1.88 mm long |
5 |
19-22
hr |
head
process (notochord) |
6 |
23-25
hr |
head
fold |
7 |
23-26
hr |
1
somite; neural folds |
7
to 8- |
ca.
23-26 hr |
1-3
somites; coelom |
8 |
26-29
hr |
4
somites; blood islands |
9 |
29-33
hr |
7
somites; primary optic vesicles |
9+
to 10- |
ca.
33 hr |
8-9
somites; anterior amniotic fold |
10 |
33-38
hr |
10
somites; 3 primary brain vesicles |
11 |
40-45
hr |
13
somites; 5 neuromeres of hindbrain |
12 |
45-49
hr |
16
somites; telencephalon |
13 |
48-52
hr |
19
somites; atrioventricular canal |
13+
to 14- |
ca.
50-52 hr |
20-21
somites; tail bud |
14 |
50-53
hr |
22
somites; trunk flexure; visceral arches I and II, clefts 1 and 2 |
14+
to 15- |
ca.
50-54 hr |
23
somites; premandibular head cavities |
15 |
50-55
hr |
24-27
somites; visceral arch III, cleft 3 |
16 |
51-56
hr |
26-28
somites; wing bud; posterior amniotic fold |
17 |
52-64
hr |
29-32
somites; leg bud; epiphysis |
18 |
3
da |
30-36
somites extending beyond level of leg bud; allantois |
19 |
3.0-3.5
da |
37-
40 somites extending into tail; maxillary process |
20 |
3.0-3.5
da |
40-43
somites; rotation completed; eye pigment |
21 |
3.5
da |
43-44
somites; visceral arch IV, cleft 4 |
22 |
3.5-4.0
da |
somites
extend to tip of tail |
23 |
4
da |
dorsal
contour from hindbrain to tail is a curved line |
24 |
4.5 da |
toe
plate |
25 |
4.5-5.0
da |
elbow
and knee joints |
26 |
5
da |
1st
3 toes |
27 |
5.0-5.5
da |
beak |
28 |
5.5-6.0
da |
3
digits, 4 toes |
29 |
6.0-6.5
da |
rudiment
of 5th toe |
30 |
6.5-7.0
da |
feather
germs; scleral papillae; egg tooth |
31 |
7.0-7.5
da |
web
between 1st and 2nd digits |
32 |
7.5
da |
anterior
tip of mandible has reached beak |
33 |
7.5-8.0
da |
web
on radial margin of wing and 1st digit |
34 |
8 da |
nictitating
membrane |
35 |
8.5-9.0
da |
phalanges
in toes |
36 |
10
da |
length
of 3rd toe from tip to middle of metatarsal joint = 5.4±0.3mm; length
of beak from anterior angle of nostril to tip of bill = 2.5mm;
primordium of comb; labial groove; uropygial gland |
37 |
11
da |
length
of 3rd toe = 7.4±0.3mm; length of beak = 3.0 mm |
38 |
12
da |
length
of 3rd toe = 8.4±0.3 mm; length of beak = 3.1 mm |
39 |
13
da |
length
of 3rd toe = 9.8±0.3 mm; length of beak = 3.5 mm |
40 |
14
da |
length
of beak = 4.0 mm; length of 3rd toe = 12.7±0.5 mm |
41 |
15
da |
length
of beak from anterior angle of nostril to tip of upper bill = 4.5 mm;
length of 3rd toe = 14.9±0.8 mm |
42 |
16
da |
length
of beak = 4.8 mm; length of 3rd toe = 16.7±0.8 mm |
43 |
17
da |
length
of beak = 5.0 mm; length of 3rd toe = 18.6±0.8 mm |
44 |
18
da |
length
of beak = 5.7 mm; length of 3rd toe = 20.4±0.8 mm |
45 |
19-20
da |
yolk
sac half enclosed in body cavity; chorio-allantoic membrane contains
less blood and is "sticky" in living embryo |
46 |
20-21
da |
newly-hatched
chick |
http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/OtherEmb/chick1.htm |